Ojibwa> Ojibway

The Ojibway

The Woodlands and the Plains Cultures

It used to be that the Ojibway people as part of the great Eastern Woodlands Indian culture, were much the same from one part of their territory to the next. Economies differed depending on whether the land allowed farming, but dodem, the clan system of governance was universal. They referred to themselves as Anishnabe - the good beings .

The Anishnabe lived in what are now the mainland Maritime provinces of Canada and the upper parts of Maine. The stories say that about a thousand years ago seven ancestral 'grandfathers' made themselves known to the the good people and told them to prepare themselves for great changes because light skinned men would arrive from across the Great Salt Sea.

The great migration began at that point and continued for the next five hundred years. By the time the French explorer, Jacques Cartier sailed into the mouth of the St. Lawrence River in 1534 the Anishnaabe nation had moved to the interior of the continent and settled along the shores of the Great Lakes.

As time went by and they endured more and more pressures from European settlement they dispersed even further...north towards the tundra and west onto the great plains.

The Woodlands Ojibway

The Woodlands Ojibway represent what mainstream North Americans think of as classic Ojibway culture. This perception was popularized by Henry Schoolcraft, a 19th century American geographer who is noted for his interpretations of various First Nations' societies. His work in that regard was made somewhat straightforward in that his encounters with the Anishnabe First Nations were simplified by the fact that he was accompanied by his wife and translator, Jane Schoolcraft.

Jane was the daughter of an Anishnaabe "country wife"...the commonlaw companion of an Irish immigrant. Jane Schoolcraft's knowledge of the language, customs and legends of her mother's people were what made her husband famous and it was her knowledge, too, that was used by Henry Longfellow in his poem of Hiawatha. The poet took a great deal of artistic license in the writing...the name Hiawatha is drawn from Iroquois sources for example, but the stories are based on 18th century Ojibway.

Because the land and the climate differed from the northern to the southern part of the Anishnaabe territory, the social structures adapted to fit the realities of life.

• The Northern Woodlands Ojibway territory roughly extended in the northeast to the headwaters of the river systems that flow into the western side of James Bay and in the west the territory was bounded roughly by Lake Winnipeg and its river systems. This is part of the Laurentian Shield...land that had been scraped clean of top soil in the last ice age 15,000 years ago.

Theres was a hunting, fishing, trapping economy. Small isolated bands joined together in the summer months but separated during the winter onto family hunting territories. This system was still in existence in my childhood seven decades ago.

Further east above what are now Lakes Erie and Ontario, the climate was somewhat more temperate and the people tended toward larger more complex and sedentary communities with more diversified economies.

Within the Southern Woodlands the distinction between the southwestern and southeaster tribes was more distinct on both geographical and cultural grounds.

• The Southwestern Ojibway occupy the area south of Lake Superior running from Upper Michigan, through northern Wisconsin and Minnesota and along the southern border of Ontario as far west as Lake of the Woods.

  In historical times their economy included a very small amount of farming, but the harvesting of wild rice and maple sugar was important, too.

  Those who made their homes in the interior parts of the territory were mainly hunters and trappers with fishing secondary, but fishing was the major subsistence activity among the more northern groups.

  The Southeastern Ojibway occupied what is now Lower Michigan, the shores of Lake Huron and a sector of Ontario to the north of Lake Huron. Their subsistence economy was based on farming, hunting, fishing, and harvesting of maple sugar.

  The more temperate climate allowed for large permanent summer villages but family hunting bands still dispersed during the winter months.

The Plains Ojibway

These folk are a distinct ethnic group in language, social organization, art, ceremonies and costume. They are derived from small groups who migrated onto the Prairie, beginning near the end of the eighteenth century because of economic and social pressures from European settlement.

Under the influence of the Northern Plains tribes the traditional woodlands culture underwent extensive change, including the adoption of a bison-hunting economy.

They occupy parts of northern North Dakota and Montana and are also found just across the Canadian border in Manitoba and Saskatchewan.